Note taking is overrated. Underlining key passages, scribbling insightful observations in the margin of library books to amuse a future stranger—we get it, you read Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince—the colour-coded set of highlighters, etc. This kind of thing is very cute, and at the risk of offending my favourite productivity pornographers, almost certainly misses the point.
Like most people, my note taking practice began in the formal education system. I dutifully filled exercise books with chicken scratch, which formed the basis of such gems as ‘Abjection and the monstrous feminine in James Cameron’s Aliens’ or ‘The growth of corporate mergers, takeovers and collapses within New Zealand during the 1980s’. As soon as I handed in the essay or took the exam, I promptly forgot everything I’d learned.
Anyone with a similar experience would be justified in feeling skeptical about the wave of hype surrounding note-taking tools and techniques. If you think taking notes is a waste of time, that’s because it usually is.
And yet…if you asked me ‘what single item would you save from a fire?’, I don’t even have to think about it.1 My database of several thousand notes, which I’ve been building since 2014, is my single most valuable possession. It’s a big old heaving mess of interconnected ideas and confusions and open questions, and much more than the sum of its parts. Once it reached critical mass, it took on a life of its own. I am happy to anthromorphise it, and I guess I would pay low six figures to save it from oblivion; in the same range as a beloved pet.
A Brief Personal History
Note taking is part of the broader problem of ‘knowledge management’, which is one of the most interesting side-projects I’ve worked on in recent years. In 2017, I went to a retreat in India run by a wild-eyed prophet named Conor. He had spent years out in the wilderness, developing strange ideas about nodal networks and hypertext and collaborative problem-solving. Conor got me hooked on his vision, I helped out in various ways, and now Roam Research has sprung up into a thriving cult movement.
I’ve never written about knowledge management on the blog, because it’s kind of inside baseball. But everyone is a student at one time or another; everyone is a researcher; everyone is building something. A few people have asked specifically about my practice, so here we are. At the very least, if you enjoy my writing, you might be curious to know my One Weird Trick:
- Part I: How to Read a Book (synoptic reading)
- Part II: Getting Compound Interest on Your Ideas (Zettelkasten)
- Part III: Remember Important Stuff Forever (spaced repetition)
Our credential-obsessed educational system forces us to cram a bunch of crap we don’t care about, and will never use again. Sometimes we have no choice but to jump through these kind of hoops, in which case, happy highlighting! I don’t know what the best practice is for this kind of thing, and I don’t really care. I’m interested in building knowledge that compounds over a lifetime.
Unfortunately, this doesn’t happen automatically. Before I had a system, I dedicated large chunks of my life to reading books that I can now barely remember. I might be able to give you the main idea, and maybe even dredge up an example, but almost everything is gone. I won’t say that time was wasted, but it was certainly an enormous missed opportunity: hours of effort in exchange for a couple of vague recollections. This is because no-one ever taught me how to actually read a book.
How to Read a Book (Or Blog, or Paper, or…)
Do you have eyes? Do you like reading? Yes? Here’s the algorithm:
- Read the book
- (there is no second step)
For fiction, some biographies, lots of online content, my process is: read the thing. It’s important not to crush the activities we love with a fixation on extracting ‘value’ from them. But sometimes I also want to learn stuff, in which case, the process gets a little more involved.
It also requires me to walk something back. My project to read 100 books a year had the right spirit—a book is one of the cheapest and most asymmetric options anyone could possibly take out—but the actual goal was kind of dumb, insofar as it incentivised quantity over quality. It’s much better to read a handful of books deeply than a lot of books shallowly.
When I’m not busy Goodharting myself with arbitrary targets, here’s the process I follow:
1. Collect
Making highlights, marginalia, and other notes.
2. Curate
Deciding what is worthy of being entered into the system as a permanent note.
3. Combine
Bouncing ideas against existing knowledge, and seeing if they combine into something new.
4. Conflict
Looking for dissonance and inconsistencies between new ideas and existing ones.
5. Create
Using the ideas in real life, or incorporating them into an original work.
I’m sure I’ve unconsciously stolen this from someone, since the ‘five Cs’ seems suspiciously catchy. A cursory googling didn’t help; if you know the originator I will credit them.
As for the underlying ideas, the seminal text is appropriately titled How to Read a Book. Conor is a big fan, and while I found it deathly boring, I’m totally on board with the argument, which I’m loosely paraphrasing here.
1. Collect
Librarians, cover your ears. Unless the book you’re reading is a rare volume, you should crack its spine and extract the marrow by any means necessary: dog-ear the pages, scribble all over it, feed it crumbs and coffee stains, sleep with it under your pillow. Reading is an interactive process, not a one-way street. Whenever you find something interesting, mark it up.
(Use post-it notes if the book doesn’t belong to you, but if you find yourself taking a lot of notes, you should just buy your own copy.)
You can’t manhandle an ebook, but at least you can still take highlights and notes. I use a browser extension to send longform articles to my Kindle, and if I’m on my phone or browsing the web, snap a screenshot. I don’t take notes from podcasts or audiobooks, because there’s too much friction.2
The collection stage should be as effortless as possible: I try not to interrupt the flow of reading, or second-guess whether the notes I’m taking are really that interesting—that’s what the next step is for.
2. Curate
At any given point in time I have a stack of dog-eared books, a clippings file on my Kindle, and folders of screenshots on my phone and laptop. These are my ‘dump’ buckets. Instead of rushing to mine the new material, I deliberately let it breathe for at least a month.
Then I come back with a fresh set of eyes, and start processing. Sometimes an idea that seemed fascinating at 3am turns out to be banal, so it never leaves the dump. Other times I have a new idea, or find something else interesting that didn’t make the cut originally.
Some people feel that highlighting and note taking is too promiscuous—it’s too easy, it devalues the good stuff. That’s because they’re missing this second step. If it’s not worthy to enter your permanent collection, it won’t make it past this round.
As far as storage systems go, I think Roam is an order of magnitude better than other tools, for reasons that will become clear in the next post. But I’m biased, and there are plenty of other options: Ryan Holiday uses paper index cards; I previously used a combination of Evernote and Google Docs.
3. Combine
Reading a book is a conversation between you and the author, and by extension, every other author already living in your head. So the next step is to take their ideas and smash them up against your model of the world.
This process is important enough that it’s going to get a dedicated post, but briefly, you want to cross-pollinate as much as possible: What does this idea rhyme with? Where does it hang in your existing framework? How does it fit with current or future projects? What happens if it has sex with this other idea?
Sometimes you put a couple of ideas in a jam jar, and prod them with a stick, and then they get busy having a brand new baby idea! This is really exciting.
Other times, they fight. Maybe one of them will kill the other. As any eight-year-old boy will tell you, this is also very exciting.
4. Conflict
Writers, including scientists and other experts, talk a lot of shit. Very occasionally they’re outright lying, but more often they’re just wrong: consider that any pop psychology book you read prior to 2016—the kind of thing that flies off airport shelves and tops the New York Times bestseller list—has almost certainly fed you a bunch of convincing-sounding crapola based on studies that failed to replicate.
The more interesting conflicts happen when authors are prodding at different aspects of some central underlying truth. So you have to explore the dissonance: how does this idea clash with your existing framework? Can it sit alongside another belief in peace, or does one have to destroy the other? Bounce it off your lived experience, try to sniff out the bullshit, and think about how competing models might be reconciled.
Unless you already know a lot about the subject, authors can bullshit you pretty easily. So you also have to proactively read criticisms by people who are well-informed. You don’t have to come to a firm resolution as to who’s right, or dive down every rabbithole: just take note of the dissonance, and try not to swallow anything uncritically.
5. Create
The final step is to implement whatever you’ve learned. Ideally, it will shape some aspect of your real-life behaviour: your work, your relationships, your habits, your philosophy. If it suggests a cheap experiment, always run it.
Other useful practices: write a review/essay/article riffing on the ideas, tell a friend about it in your own words, host a book club discussion.
If you’re not doing any of this—if you’re not applying what you’ve learned in real life—something has gone wrong. See e.g. formal education: most people have no intention of using what they’re learning, except on a very short time horizon to pass some arbitrary test. It’s hard to get excited when you’re not playing for keeps.
Three Out of Five Ain’t Bad
That’s the ideal model. Real life is messy, and some books just don’t generate many notes—in which case, we’re only talking an extra 10 minutes. But if I’ve invested five or six hours of my life into reading a book for some reason other than pure entertainment, you better believe I’m going to spend another hour making sure I can actually leverage what I learned years or decades down the track.
I always follow steps one and two. I usually follow steps three and four. I try to follow step five as much as possible. If you can manage three out of five, that’s a good starting point.
The first phase—collection and curation—is pretty straightforward. Plenty of people have opinions as to how you should annotate and highlight text, but as I mentioned up top, this is mostly just aesthetic preference.
The final phase—creation—is a monstrous subject in its own right, which I’ll leave to people who are much better qualified than me.
But the parts in the middle seem to be unusually neglected. This also happens to be where I think I have some novel insights to share.
In the next post, we’ll zoom in on this section: how to build associative frameworks of knowledge? What the heck is this ‘Zettelkasten’ thing? And how can we get compound interest on our ideas?
Next post: The Commonplace Book: How to Get Compound Interest on Ideas
Notes:
- At least, metaphorically—all my notes are stored digitally with various layers of redundancy; I think Ryan Holiday keeps his paper index cards in fireproof safes.
- I very occasionally make the effort to write it down, but I usually treat audio as ephemeral background noise: it’s literally in one ear, and out the other. I’m not happy about this because some of these sources are book-quality—literally, in the case of audiobooks—and I know I’m missing out. If anyone has a solution for effortlessly marking snippets of audio and converting it to text, please let me know.
Hi, I have two questions- you said you “proactively read criticisms by people who are well-informed” and mention seeing if your favourite bloggers have written about it. Can you tell me who some of these well-informed people are as I have trouble finding that and can you tell me your favorite bloggers>?
Hi Monica, I tend to do a broad search for critical reviews, and then filter down based on whether the reviewer is a) someone I trust or b) a subject matter expert. For example, the psychiatrist Scott Alexander (one of my favourite bloggers) meets the first criterion, as well as the second one if it’s a book about e.g. mental health or medicine.
You are a very good writer.
Thanks for the insights how you digest books and great inspiration. I recently read Why We Sleep by Matthew Walker and I started to highlight what I rarely did before. I then discovered that my ebook reader actually allows to export my notes, which finally enables me to work with them. I would like to increase my knowledge, improve my life (and maybe the one of others as well) by retaining as much information as possible. And here comes the problem! I have so many highlights (at least 600) that, summarizing, curating, combining, and creating would take at least as much time as the book reading itself, in contrast, to my desired 1-2 h processing.
Since I’m a beginner, I wanted to know if you had same issues when you started doing this? I hope that this process/skill improves with time, so I become more picky with highlights and more effective in all the work afterwards
Hey David. To be honest I haven’t really had this problem! I do toss out a lot of stuff in the ‘curation’ phase so I never feel too much pressure to go easy on the highlights. As a general rule, I rarely highlight any object-level facts and figures—I’m more looking for either a quick statement of the high-level points, or an insight that applies more broadly than the immediate context. Perhaps you could look into some of Tiago Forte’s work if you get stuck—he seems to be the go-to guy for this kind of thing. But I’m also guessing that you will naturally become more discerning with time.
Love this! Am happily noting (pun fully intended) that I am already doing most of this. I won’t claim the five C’s though, that is way too logical for me! My notes are messy are need re-writing. Actually, on that – I periodically revise my notes, and re-write them into a smaller and more condensed format, which also helps them to go back into the brain machine if they have been tossed aside. Then whatever you deemed important 2 or 3 years ago, if it fell off the wagon and should be re-implemented into current / future routines and projects, it can. Otherwise, you can skip over this and it doesn’t make the re-re-re-write. Maybe too much work for some, but like you, I value my collated notebooks of knowledge more than pretty much anything else I have! It also massively depends on what you use it for too, as to whether it would be worthy of going over again and again. Mine is basically all ancient knowledge, anatomy, spiritual practices, mind training etc, so my goal is to get it all within and to eventually not need the notebook at all. Cheers for the post! Peace & Love from Maungakaramea 🙂
Nice one Katie.
This is such a great idea, and I think also demonstrates the extent to which you actually understand something—it’s easy to write a big screed, harder to capture the essence in one paragraph. I’m planning on doing more tweeting for this reason, it’s actually a pretty good discipline to force me to think about what I want to say.
Wow, that sounds cool! You should meet my brother and his wife some time—you probably have quite a bit in common, and they live in the same hood…will message you next time I’m up north.
Yeah, life is a very interesting journey of which learning is our main purpose of existence, in my humble opinion 🙂
Look forward to meeting some like minded folks, catch ya then
“What happens if it has sex with this other idea?”
Thanks Rich for writing this. I pick that this series will be very popular. Brilliance is generally the result of better technique rather than better IQ. I feel privileged to learn from you on this stuff.
Cheers Paul. I sure feel a lot less dumb with a bunch of authors living in my head.
This is excellent, Rich! As a longtime Ryan Holiday disciple, I’m doing pretty well on the first two, but three and four are more difficult, which makes five less frequent than I’d like.
Looking forward to Pt. 2 of this to see what I can steal from you on the organization front for my (currently messy) commonplace book.
What steps do you take to seek out opposing viewpoints (particularly on things that resonate with you)? Is it more happening upon differences in your literary travels or actively looking for views that might contradict what you’re reading/your own views?
Nice one David. I forgot to credit him directly above, but it was an article by Ryan Holiday which originally got me started down this path (circa 2014). I muddled along with the strategy he describes and did just fine, but I really think this second phase takes it to the next level.
A little from Column A, little from Column B. After I finish reading a book, I sometimes look for longform reviews by people who might be qualified to notice problems (for example, Steven Pinker’s review of Malcolm Gladwell’s What the Dog Saw). I also skim the most popular reviews on Goodreads—usually the two stars, and never the five stars or one stars. And I check to see if my favourite bloggers have written about it.
But as you’ve guessed, a lot of this also happens naturally when I’m adding new material, so some of the gaps get filled in automatically.
I actually found your second footnote fascinating. I am an extremely visual learner but do not retain auditory material well. I can often close my eyes and “see” the page of a book if I am trying to remember text but have almost no recall of things I hear. This even applies to things like short passages in church. Even though I am familiar with the passages (Catholics repeat them on a three year cycle), I have to be reading along with the priest or I get nothing out of it.
I decided quite some time ago to generally abandon audiobooks and podcasts unless I am on a treadmill (a literal treadmill that you run on) because I get so little durable value for the time I spend listening. My husband, who is an auditory learner, is currently listening to How To Be An Antiracist while I am reading the paper version. Your problem may, at least partially, be that auditory is not one of your preferred learning styles. There are several others such as kinesthetic along with visual and auditory and most of us are stronger at some than others. Google Gardner multiple intelligence for more information on this if you are curious. If you hit upon a good notetaking system for audiobooks, etc., that might help my recall so I would be interested in hearing about it so please post about it if you have an epiphany on this.
Hey Debbi, that’s interesting—I hadn’t considered different learning styles. I was kind of bemused by the popularity of audio books, but I assumed people were just listening to them for ephemeral entertainment purposes, in the same way I used to read physical books and forget almost all of what I’d read.
I’ll definitely keep you updated on the audio problem—with great serendipity, I just received an email from Nat Eliason recommending an app that might do the trick:
Unfortunately it looks like it’s only for iPhone so I haven’t been able to test it out, but it’s good to know people are working on this kind of thing.
Blimmin’ fantastic. I’m deeply grateful for your introduction to Roam last year or whenever it was. I take in vast amounts of information every day and storage requirements mean it mostly gets deleted from my memory as soon as I’ve used it – or, too often, before.
I’m still working out how Roam and Zettelkasten can work in my daily work life, which tends to have far too much last-minuting in it. I can see the value in getting ahead of that cycle. So I find your writing on the subject very valuable.
Thanks Lisa, glad it’s working out for you! If you haven’t already, you might find it interesting to check out the #roamcult on Twitter and some of the video tours on YouTube—there are people with all sorts of different use cases for inspiration. I’ll probably write more about my own daily practice at some point too (not just the Zettelkasten or the GTD, but workflow and daily scheduling type stuff).